Inside a conductor at static condition, electrostatic field is
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, otherwise the free charge carriers would experience force and drift
At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be
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to the surface at every point, since Electric field should have no tangential component
The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in the static situation, , and any excess charge must reside at the
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Electrostatic potential is
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throughout the volume of the conductor and has the same value (as inside) on its surface
Electric field at the
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of a charged conductor is E = σ / ε0 (magnitude)
The electric field inside the cavity is
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, is called Electrostatic shielding.